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This chapter is primarily concerned with the use of undressed stone, of various types, in marine structures. The complexity of the design of such structures and the factors affecting them are addressed elsewhere, for example by the Construction Industry Research and Information Service (CIRIA) and the Centre for Civil Engineering Research and Codes (CUR) (Netherlands) in their joint 'Manual on the use of rock in coastal and shoreline engineering' (CIRIA/CUR 1991), by the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) in 'Design Of Breakwaters' (ICE 1988) and by the US Army Corps of Engineers in the 'Shore Protection Manual' (US Army Corps 1989).
Objectives. As a consequence of the number and variety of types of structure and of their locations worldwide, it is most appropriate to consider the rock used in a general way dealing with block size, grading, rock density and durability, as well as with extraction, processing, transport and placing. Therefore, a general review is given covering the design requirements of the materials specified for most marine structures which use natural rock in their construction and also similar structures such as river bank, river scour and dam face protection.
The special nature of
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